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{{Infobox Mexican Political Party | party_name = Partido Revolucionario Institucional
''PRI''|
party_articletitle = Institutional Revolutionary Party |
party_logo = ] |
leader = [Beatriz Paredes Rangel|
foundation = March 4, [ (PNR)
March 30, [ (PRM)
January 18, [ (PRI) |
ideology =
Centrism#Centrism in the Marxist movement[http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/31617/5437320.html People Daily, [Corporatism, [Social democracy|
headquarters = 59 Avenida Insurgentes N
[Mexico City
06359 |
colours = [red, [green|
continental =
http://www.copppal.org.mx/ing/doctos-ing/doc-mie-coor-ing.htm Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean |
international = [Socialist International|
website =
http://www.pri.org.mx www.pri.org.mx|
-->
The
Institutional Revolutionary Party(
Spanish language:
Partido Revolucionario Institucional or
PRI) is a Mexico political party that wielded power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the
Socialist International, as is the rival Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), making Mexico one of the few nations with two major, competing parties part of the same international grouping.
The adherents of the PRI party are known in Mexico as
priistas and the party is nicknamed
el tricolor because of its use of the colors green, white and red.
Profile
The Institutional Revolutionary Party is a centrism political party formed in
1929 as
Revolutionary National Party (Spanish: "Partido Nacional Revolucionario" or PNR) focused on protecting the poor after the Mexican Revolution. Lázaro Cárdenas, perhaps Mexico's most-popular 20th-century
President of Mexico and most renowned for
expropiación petrolera of the
United States and
European petroleum companies in the run-up to
World War II, came from the ranks of the PNR. He was a person of political left ideas who nationalized different industries and provided many social institutions which are dear to the Mexican people.
After several decades in power the PRI became a symbol of corruption and electoral fraud PRI at the NNDB. Because of this latter, its
left (politics) went on to form its own party the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) in 1989. The conservative National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN) became a stronger party after 1976 when it obtained the support from businessmen after recurring economic crises. The growth of these two parties consolidated in the loss of the presidency in 2000, won by the PAN and in 2006, won by the PAN with a small margin over the PRD. Many prominent member of the PAN (Manuel Clouthier, Addy Joaquín Coldwell and
Demetrio Sodi), most of the PRD (most notably all three Head of Government of the Federal Districts
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and
Marcelo Ebrard), the PVEM (Jorge González Torres) and
New Alliance Party (Mexico) (Roberto Campa) were once members of the PRI, including many presidencial candidates from the opposition (Clouthier, López Obrador, Cárdenas, González Torres, Campa and
Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, among many others). The party was described by some scholars as a "state party", a term which captures both the non-competitive history and character of the party itself, and the inextricable connection between the party and the Mexican state for much of the 20th century.
The PRI was criticized for using the colors of the
flag of Mexico in its logo, something considered not unreasonable in many countries, but frowned upon in Mexico, while there is no law that forbids this act. Critics claim
electoral fraud, with
voter suppression and violence, was used when the
political machine did not work and elections were just a ritual to simulate the appearance of a
democracy. However, the three major parties now make the same claim against each other (PRD against Vicente Fox's Partido Acción Nacional and PAN vs.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador's
Partido de la Revolución Democrática, and the PRI against the PAN at the local level and local elections such as the
Yucatán state election, 2007). Two other PRI presidents
Miguel de la Madrid and
Carlos Salinas de Gortari privatized many outmoded industries, including banks and roads, and also negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Greater economic stability since the last major economic crisis in Mexico (the 1995 peso crisis) was achieved in great part through economic reforms begun under
Ernesto Zedillo, who was the last successive PRI-nominated president to serve since the Mexican Revolution, and who's tenure commenced just as the peso crisis was coming to a head. Subsequent administrations maintained stability with continued assistance from PRI members such as Secretary of Finance
Francisco Gil Diaz and Bank of Mexico Governor Guillermo Ortiz.
Origins
The party was the result of Plutarco Elías Calles's efforts to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the
Mexican Revolution, and guarantee the peaceful transmission of power for members of the party. Lázaro Cárdenas (president of the party and, in 1938,
president of Mexico) renamed the party as
Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: "Partido de la Revolución Mexicana", PRM) and created the broad-based political alliances necessary for the PRI's long-term survival, by corporatism representing different facets of national political life (for example, the
Confederación Nacional Campesina, the farmer's group). Cárdenas' strategy with the party mirrored the
Ticket balance approach of
1930s Chicago Mayor
Anton Cermak, who created the
Cook County Democratic Organization, characteristic of Chicago by balancing ethnic interests. Settling disputes and power struggles within the party structure helped prevent congressional gridlock and possible armed rebellions, but this style of dispute resolution also created a "
Rubber stamp (politics)" legislative apparatus.
The party, under its three different names, held every political position until 1946 when the PAN started winning posts for
municipal president and Chamber of Deputies of Mexico and Senate of Mexico, starting in
1946, after the party changed its name to its current name
Partido Revolucionario Institucional. The party had, by then, acquired a reputation for corruption, and while this was admitted (to a degree) by some of its affiliates, its supporters maintained that the role of the party was crucial in the modernization and stabilization of
Mexico.
The Mexican Miracle
The first four decades of government of the PRI are dubbed the "Mexican Miracle", a period of economic growth through substitution of imports and low inflation. Much of the growth was spurred by investment on infrastructure. From 1940 to 1970 GDP increased sixfold and the population only doubled Crandall R (2004). "Mexico's Domestic Economy", in Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics, Crandall, Paz and Roett (editors) Lynne Reiner Publishers, United States while the peso-dollar parity was maintained.
The Tlatelolco Massacre
The improvement of the economy had a disparate impact in different social sectors and discontent started growing within the low classes. In 1968 Mexico City became the first city in the Spanish and Portuguese speaking world to be chosen to host an Olympic Games. Using the international focus on the country, students at the
National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) protested the lack of democracy and social justice. President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964-1970) ordered the army to occupy the university to suppress the revolt and minimize the disruption of the Olympic Games. On
October 2,
1968 student groups demanding the withdrawal of the IPN protested at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Unaccustomed to this type of protests, the Mexican Government asked the United States for assistance, through LITEMPO, a spy-program to inform the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the US to obtain information from Mexico. The CIA responding by sending military radios, weapons and ammunition
The Tlatelolco Massacre, Kate Doyle.. The LITEMPO had prevously provided the Díaz Ordaz government with 1,000 .223 Colt automatic ammunition in 1963
Documents link past presidents to CIA, October 20, 2006.. During the protests shots were fired and a number of students died (officially 39, unofficially hundreds) and hundreds were arrested. The President of the Olympic Committee then declared that the protests were against the government and not the Olympics so the games proceeded
1968: Student riots threaten Mexico Olympics,
BBC, October 2, 1968..
The economic crises
The government of
Luis Echeverría (1970-76), secretary of interior during the Díaz Ordaz administration, increased social spending, through external debt, at a time when oil production and prices were surging. However, the growth of the economy came accompanied by inflation and then by a plummeting of old prices and increases in interest rates. Investment started fleeing the country and the peso became overvalued, to prevent a devaluation and further fleeing of investments, the
Bank of Mexico borrowed 360 million dollars from the Federal Reserve with the promise of stabilizing the economy. External debt reached the level of $25 billion dollars
Prelude to Disaster: José López Portillo and the Crash of 1976, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 115, Edited by Kate Doyle. . Unable to contain the fleeing of dollars, Echeverría allowed the peso to float for the first time on August 31, 1976, then again later and the peso lost half of its value. Echeverría designated
José López Portillo, his secretary of Finance, as his successor for the term 1976-82, hoping that the new administration would have a tighter control on inflation and to preserve political unity.
During his campaign, López Portillo promised to defend the peso "like a dog" Biography of López Portillo, hoping for stabilization of the oil prices continued social spending through heavy borrowing President López Portillo. López Portillo refused to devaluate the currency since he said that a president that devaluates, gets devaluated himself. The discover of significant oil sites in
Tabasco and
Campeche helped the economy to recover and López Portillo promised to "administer the abundance". The development of the promising oil industry was financed through external debt which reached 59 billion dollars (compared to 25 billion during Echeverría). Oil production increased from 94,000 barrels a day at the beginning of his administration to 1.5 million barrels a day at the end of his administration and Mexico became the fourth largest oil producer in the world. The price for a barrel of oil also increased from three dollars in 1970 to 35 dollars in 1981.
Mexico increased its international presence during López Portillo, in addition to becoming the world's fourth oil exporter Mexico re-started relations with the post
Francisco Franco-Spain in 1977, allowed the Pope John Paul II to visit Mexico, welcomed American president Jimmy Carter and broke relations with Somoza and supported the Sandinista National Liberation Front in its rebellion against the United States. López Portillo also proposed the Plan Mundial de Energéticos in 1979 and summoned a North-South World Summit in
Cancún in 1981 to seek solutions to social problems. In 1979, the PRI founded the COPPPAL, the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, an organization created "to defend democracy and all lawful political institutions and to support their development and improvement to strengthen the principle of self determination of the people’s of Latin America and the Caribbean" What is COPPAL?.
López Portillo also freed political prisoners and proposed a reform called
Ley Federal de Organizaciones Políticas y Procesos Electorales which gave official registry to opposition parties such as the
Partido Demócrata Mexicano and the
Partido Comunista Mexicano. This law also created positions in the lower chamber of congress for opposition parties through proportionality of votes, relative majority, uninominal and plurinominal. As a result 1979 saw the first communist deputies in the Congress of Mexico.
Social programs were also created through the Alliance for Production, Global Development Plan, el COPLAMAR, Mexican Nourishing System, to attain independency on food, to reform public administration. López Portillo also created the secretaries of Programming and Budgeting, Agriculture and Water Resources, Industrial Support, Fisheries and Human Settlements and Public Works. Mexico then obtained high economic growth, a recuperation of salaries and an increase in spending on education and infrastructure. This way, social and regional inequalities started to diminish.
All this prosperity ended when the over-supply of oil in
June 1981 caused oil prices to plummet and damaged severely the national economy. Interest rates skyrocketed and external debt reached 100 billion dolars and exchange rate went from 26 to 70 pesos per dollar and inflation 100%. This all culminated in the suspension on payments of external debt the nationalization of the banking industry in 1982, this latter diminished the consequences of the crises but did not stop from López Portillo's reputation to plummet and his character became the butt of jokes from the press.
Miguel de la Madrid was the first of a series of economists to rule the country, a
Technocracy (bureaucratic) implemented
neoliberalism reforms. After the 1982 default and crisis lenders were unwilling to loan Mexico and this resulted in currency devaluations to finance spending. Inflation hit a record high in 1987 at 159.7%.
Left-wing splits from the PRI
In 1986, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas (former Governor of Michoacán formed the
Corriente Democrática (Spanish: "Democratic Current") of the PRI, which criticized the federal government for reducing spending on social programs to increase payments on foreign debt. The members of the Democratic Current were expelled from the party and formed the National Democratic Front (Mexico) (FDN, Spanish: "Frente Democrático Nacional") in 1987. The following year, the FDN elected Cárdenas as presidential candidate for the
Mexican general election, 1988 Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, at
Encyclopedia Britannica which was won by Carlos Salinas de Gortari, obtaining 50.89% of the votes (according to official figures) versus 32% of Cárdenas. The official results were delayed, with the Secretary of the Interior (until then, the organizer of elections) blaming it on a computer system failure. Cárdenas, who claimed to have won and claimed such computer failure was caused by a manipulation of the system to count votes.
Manuel Clouthier also claimed to have won, although not as vocally. Clouthier, Cárdenas and Rosario Ibarra de Piedra then complained before the building of the
Secretary of the Interior (Mexico) 1988,
La Jornada, July 18, 2006.. Clouthier and his followers then set up other protests, among them one at the Chamber of Deputies, demanding that the electoral packages be opened. In 1989, Clouthier presented an
alternative cabinet (a
Great Britain style Shadow Cabinet) with (
Diego Fernández de Cevallos, Jesús González Schmall,
Fernando Canales Clariond, Francisco Villarreal Torres,
Rogelio Sada Zambrano,
María Elena Álvarez Bernal,
Moisés Canales,
Vicente Fox,
Carlos Castillo Peraza and
Luis Felipe Bravo Mena as cabinet members and Clouthier as cabinet coordinator). The purpose of this cabinet was to vigilate the accions of the government. Clouthier died next October in an accident with Javier Calvo, a federal deputy. The accident was claimed by the PAN as a state assassination since then Biography of
Manuel Clouthier, at the Political Studies National Institute.. That same year, the PRI lost its first state government with the election of
Ernesto Ruffo Appel as governor of Baja California.
Death of Colosio and the loss of majority in Congress
In
1990 Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa called the government under the PRI
la dictadura perfecta ("The perfect dictatorship"). In 1994, for the first time since the revolution a presidential candidate was murdered, Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta. His campaign director,
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, was subsequently elected in the first presidential election monitored by international observers. The 1994 economic crisis in Mexico caused the PRI to lose its absolute majority in both chambers of the
Congress of Mexico for the first time in 1997.
Loss of the presidency of Mexico
Prior to the 2000 general elections, the PRI held its first primaries to elect the party's presidential candidate. The primary candidates, nicknamed "los cuatro fantásticos" (Spanish for
The Fantastic Four), were
Los «cuatro fantásticos» del PRI, listos para las urnas,
El Mundo, November 4, 1999.:
The favorites in the primaries were Labastida and Madrazo, and the latter initiated a campaign against the first, perceived as Zedillo's candidate since many former secretaries of the interior were chosen as candidates by the president. His campaign, produced by prominent publicist Carlos Alazraki, had the motto "Dale un Madrazo al dedazo" or "Give a Madrazo to the
dedazo" with "madrazo" being slang for a "strike" and "dedazo" a slang used to describe the unilaterally choosing of candidates by the president (literally "finger-strike").In the Mexican general election, 2000 of July 2 2000, its candidate
Francisco Labastida Ochoa was defeated by
Vicente Fox, after getting only 36.1% of the popular vote. It was to be the first Presidential electoral defeat of the PRI. Many considered that this event would mark the party's downfall. In the Mexican general election, 2000 of the same date, the party won with 38.1%, or 51 out of 128 seats in the
Senate of Mexico.
The PRI as an opposition party
After much restructuring, the party was able to make a recovery, winning the greatest number of seats (5% short of a true majority) in Congress in 2003: at these 2003 Mexican elections, the party won 224 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, remaining as the largest single party in both the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico and Senate of Mexico. In the
Mexican Federal District the PRI obtained only one borough mayorship
(jefe delegacional) out of 16, and no Plurality voting system members of the city assembly. The PRI recouped some significant losses on the state level (most notably, the
governorship of former PAN stronghold
Nuevo León). On August 6, 2004, in two closely-contested elections in
Oaxaca and Tijuana, PRI candidates
Ulises Ruiz Ortiz and Jorge Hank Rhon won the races for the governorship and
presidente municipal respectively. The PAN had held control of the president's office of the municipio (Mexico) of Tijuana for 15 years. Six out of eight gubernatorial elections held during 2005 were won by the PRI: Quintana Roo, Hidalgo (Mexico), Colima,
Estado de México,
Nayarit, and Coahuila. The PRI then controlled the states on the country's northern border with the US except for Baja California.
Later that year
Roberto Madrazo Pintado, president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, left his post to seek a nomination as the party's candidate in the 2000 presidential election. According to the statutes, the presidency of the party would then fall on the head of
Elba Esther Gordillo as party secretary. The rivalry between Madrazo and Gordillo caused Mariano Palacios Alcocer instead to become president of the party. After what was perceived an imposition of Madrazo as candidate a group was formed called
Unidad Democrática (Spanish: "Democratic Unity"), although nicknamed Todos Unidos Contra Madrazo (Spanish: "Everybody United Against Madrazo" or "TUCOM")
Integrantes del Tucom, de políticos pobres a precandidatos que gastan millones,
La Jornada, July 25, 2005. which was formed by governors and former state governors:
Montiel won the right to run against Madrazo for the candidacy but withdrew when it was made public that he and his French wife had multi-million properties in Europe
Montiel deja vía libre a Madrazo,
El Universal (Mexico City), October 21, 2005.. Madrazo and Everardo Moreno contended in the primaries which was won by the first
Confirman el triunfo de Madrazo en Michoacán,
La Jornada, November 14, 2005.. Madrazo then represented the PRI and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) in the Alliance for Mexico coalition.During his campaign Madrazo declared that the PRI and PRD were "first cousins", to this
Emilio Chuayffet Chemor responded that if that was the case then
Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO), candidate of the PRD would also be a first cousin and he might win the election
AMLO, "primo hermano": Chuayffet,
La Jornada, March 15, 2006..
AMLO was, by then, the favorite in the polls, with many followers within the PRI. Madrazo, second at the polls, then released TV spots against AMLO with little success, his campaign was managed again by Alazraki. Felipe Calderón ran a more successful campaign and then tied with Madrazo and later surpassed him as the second favorite. Gordillo, also the teacher's union leader, resentful against Madrazo, helped a group of teachers constitute the
New Alliance Party (Mexico). Divisions within the party and a successful campaign of the PAN candidate caused Madrazo to fall to third place. The winner, as announced by the Federal Electoral Institute and valuated by the Mexican Election Tribunal amidst a controversy, was Felipe Calderón of the ruling National Action Party (Mexico) Party. On November 20 of the same year, a group of young PRI politicians launched a movement that is set to reform and revolutionize the party "El Movimiento".
In the
Mexican elections, 2006 the party won 106 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico and 35 out of 128
Senate of Mexico.
In 2007 the PRI re-gained the governorship of Yucatán and was the party with the most mayorships and state congresspeople in the elections in Yucatán (tying with the PAN in the number of deputies), Chihuahua, Durango, Aguascalientes, Veracruz, Chiapas and Oaxaca. The PRI obtained the most mayorships in Zacatecas and the second most deputies in the congressional elections of Zacatecas and Baja California.
See also
Footnotes
{{Infobox Mexican Political Party | party_name = Partido Revolucionario Institucional
''PRI''|
party_articletitle = Institutional Revolutionary Party |
party_logo = ] |
leader = [Beatriz Paredes Rangel|
foundation = March 4, [ (PNR)
March 30, [ (PRM)
January 18, [ (PRI) |
ideology =
Centrism#Centrism in the Marxist movement[http://spanish.peopledaily.com.cn/31617/5437320.html People Daily, [Corporatism, [Social democracy|
headquarters = 59 Avenida Insurgentes N
[Mexico City
06359 |
colours = [red, [green|
continental = http://www.copppal.org.mx/ing/doctos-ing/doc-mie-coor-ing.htm Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean |
international = [Socialist International|
website = http://www.pri.org.mx www.pri.org.mx|
-->
The
Institutional Revolutionary Party(Spanish language:
Partido Revolucionario Institucional or
PRI) is a Mexico
political party that wielded power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the
Socialist International, as is the rival Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), making Mexico one of the few nations with two major, competing parties part of the same international grouping.
The adherents of the PRI party are known in Mexico as
priistas and the party is nicknamed
el tricolor because of its use of the colors green, white and red.
Profile
The Institutional Revolutionary Party is a centrism political party formed in 1929 as
Revolutionary National Party (Spanish: "Partido Nacional Revolucionario" or PNR) focused on protecting the poor after the
Mexican Revolution. Lázaro Cárdenas, perhaps Mexico's most-popular 20th-century President of Mexico and most renowned for
expropiación petrolera of the
United States and European petroleum companies in the run-up to World War II, came from the ranks of the PNR. He was a person of political left ideas who nationalized different industries and provided many social institutions which are dear to the Mexican people.
After several decades in power the PRI became a symbol of corruption and electoral fraud PRI at the NNDB. Because of this latter, its left (politics) went on to form its own party the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) in 1989. The conservative
National Action Party (Mexico) (PAN) became a stronger party after 1976 when it obtained the support from businessmen after recurring economic crises. The growth of these two parties consolidated in the loss of the presidency in 2000, won by the PAN and in 2006, won by the PAN with a small margin over the PRD. Many prominent member of the PAN (Manuel Clouthier, Addy Joaquín Coldwell and Demetrio Sodi), most of the PRD (most notably all three
Head of Government of the Federal Districts Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and Marcelo Ebrard), the PVEM (Jorge González Torres) and
New Alliance Party (Mexico) (
Roberto Campa) were once members of the PRI, including many presidencial candidates from the opposition (Clouthier, López Obrador, Cárdenas, González Torres, Campa and Porfirio Muñoz Ledo, among many others). The party was described by some scholars as a "state party", a term which captures both the non-competitive history and character of the party itself, and the inextricable connection between the party and the Mexican state for much of the 20th century.
The PRI was criticized for using the colors of the flag of Mexico in its logo, something considered not unreasonable in many countries, but frowned upon in Mexico, while there is no law that forbids this act. Critics claim
electoral fraud, with
voter suppression and violence, was used when the
political machine did not work and elections were just a ritual to simulate the appearance of a democracy. However, the three major parties now make the same claim against each other (PRD against
Vicente Fox's
Partido Acción Nacional and PAN vs.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador's
Partido de la Revolución Democrática, and the PRI against the PAN at the local level and local elections such as the
Yucatán state election, 2007). Two other PRI presidents Miguel de la Madrid and Carlos Salinas de Gortari privatized many outmoded industries, including banks and roads, and also negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Greater economic stability since the last major economic crisis in Mexico (the 1995 peso crisis) was achieved in great part through economic reforms begun under Ernesto Zedillo, who was the last successive PRI-nominated president to serve since the Mexican Revolution, and who's tenure commenced just as the peso crisis was coming to a head. Subsequent administrations maintained stability with continued assistance from PRI members such as Secretary of Finance Francisco Gil Diaz and Bank of Mexico Governor
Guillermo Ortiz.
Origins
The party was the result of Plutarco Elías Calles's efforts to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the Mexican Revolution, and guarantee the peaceful transmission of power for members of the party.
Lázaro Cárdenas (president of the party and, in 1938,
president of Mexico) renamed the party as
Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: "Partido de la Revolución Mexicana", PRM) and created the broad-based political alliances necessary for the PRI's long-term survival, by
corporatism representing different facets of national political life (for example, the
Confederación Nacional Campesina, the farmer's group). Cárdenas' strategy with the party mirrored the
Ticket balance approach of
1930s Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak, who created the
Cook County Democratic Organization, characteristic of Chicago by balancing ethnic interests. Settling disputes and power struggles within the party structure helped prevent congressional gridlock and possible armed rebellions, but this style of dispute resolution also created a "Rubber stamp (politics)" legislative apparatus.
The party, under its three different names, held every political position until 1946 when the PAN started winning posts for municipal president and
Chamber of Deputies of Mexico and
Senate of Mexico, starting in 1946, after the party changed its name to its current name
Partido Revolucionario Institucional. The party had, by then, acquired a reputation for corruption, and while this was admitted (to a degree) by some of its affiliates, its supporters maintained that the role of the party was crucial in the modernization and stabilization of Mexico.
The Mexican Miracle
The first four decades of government of the PRI are dubbed the "Mexican Miracle", a period of economic growth through substitution of imports and low inflation. Much of the growth was spurred by investment on infrastructure. From 1940 to 1970 GDP increased sixfold and the population only doubled Crandall R (2004). "Mexico's Domestic Economy", in Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics, Crandall, Paz and Roett (editors) Lynne Reiner Publishers, United States while the peso-dollar parity was maintained.
The Tlatelolco Massacre
The improvement of the economy had a disparate impact in different social sectors and discontent started growing within the low classes. In 1968
Mexico City became the first city in the Spanish and Portuguese speaking world to be chosen to host an
Olympic Games. Using the international focus on the country, students at the
National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) protested the lack of democracy and social justice. President
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964-1970) ordered the army to occupy the university to suppress the revolt and minimize the disruption of the Olympic Games. On
October 2,
1968 student groups demanding the withdrawal of the IPN protested at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Unaccustomed to this type of protests, the Mexican Government asked the United States for assistance, through
LITEMPO, a spy-program to inform the
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the US to obtain information from Mexico. The CIA responding by sending military radios, weapons and ammunition
The Tlatelolco Massacre, Kate Doyle.. The LITEMPO had prevously provided the Díaz Ordaz government with 1,000
.223 Colt automatic ammunition in 1963
Documents link past presidents to CIA, October 20, 2006.. During the protests shots were fired and a number of students died (officially 39, unofficially hundreds) and hundreds were arrested. The President of the Olympic Committee then declared that the protests were against the government and not the Olympics so the games proceeded
1968: Student riots threaten Mexico Olympics, BBC, October 2, 1968..
The economic crises
The government of Luis Echeverría (1970-76), secretary of interior during the Díaz Ordaz administration, increased social spending, through external debt, at a time when oil production and prices were surging. However, the growth of the economy came accompanied by inflation and then by a plummeting of old prices and increases in interest rates. Investment started fleeing the country and the peso became overvalued, to prevent a devaluation and further fleeing of investments, the Bank of Mexico borrowed 360 million dollars from the Federal Reserve with the promise of stabilizing the economy. External debt reached the level of $25 billion dollars
Prelude to Disaster: José López Portillo and the Crash of 1976, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 115, Edited by Kate Doyle. . Unable to contain the fleeing of dollars, Echeverría allowed the peso to float for the first time on
August 31, 1976, then again later and the peso lost half of its value. Echeverría designated José López Portillo, his secretary of Finance, as his successor for the term 1976-82, hoping that the new administration would have a tighter control on inflation and to preserve political unity.
During his campaign, López Portillo promised to defend the peso "like a dog" Biography of López Portillo, hoping for stabilization of the oil prices continued social spending through heavy borrowing President López Portillo. López Portillo refused to devaluate the currency since he said that a president that devaluates, gets devaluated himself. The discover of significant oil sites in Tabasco and
Campeche helped the economy to recover and López Portillo promised to "administer the abundance". The development of the promising oil industry was financed through external debt which reached 59 billion dollars (compared to 25 billion during Echeverría). Oil production increased from 94,000 barrels a day at the beginning of his administration to 1.5 million barrels a day at the end of his administration and Mexico became the fourth largest oil producer in the world. The price for a barrel of oil also increased from three dollars in 1970 to 35 dollars in 1981.
Mexico increased its international presence during López Portillo, in addition to becoming the world's fourth oil exporter Mexico re-started relations with the post
Francisco Franco-Spain in 1977, allowed the Pope John Paul II to visit Mexico, welcomed American president
Jimmy Carter and broke relations with Somoza and supported the Sandinista National Liberation Front in its rebellion against the United States. López Portillo also proposed the Plan Mundial de Energéticos in 1979 and summoned a North-South World Summit in
Cancún in 1981 to seek solutions to social problems. In 1979, the PRI founded the
COPPPAL, the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, an organization created "to defend democracy and all lawful political institutions and to support their development and improvement to strengthen the principle of self determination of the people’s of Latin America and the Caribbean" What is COPPAL?.
López Portillo also freed political prisoners and proposed a reform called
Ley Federal de Organizaciones Políticas y Procesos Electorales which gave official registry to opposition parties such as the Partido Demócrata Mexicano and the
Partido Comunista Mexicano. This law also created positions in the lower chamber of congress for opposition parties through proportionality of votes, relative majority, uninominal and plurinominal. As a result 1979 saw the first communist deputies in the Congress of Mexico.
Social programs were also created through the Alliance for Production, Global Development Plan, el COPLAMAR, Mexican Nourishing System, to attain independency on food, to reform public administration. López Portillo also created the secretaries of Programming and Budgeting, Agriculture and Water Resources, Industrial Support, Fisheries and Human Settlements and Public Works. Mexico then obtained high economic growth, a recuperation of salaries and an increase in spending on education and infrastructure. This way, social and regional inequalities started to diminish.
All this prosperity ended when the over-supply of oil in
June 1981 caused oil prices to plummet and damaged severely the national economy. Interest rates skyrocketed and external debt reached 100 billion dolars and exchange rate went from 26 to 70 pesos per dollar and inflation 100%. This all culminated in the suspension on payments of external debt the nationalization of the banking industry in 1982, this latter diminished the consequences of the crises but did not stop from López Portillo's reputation to plummet and his character became the butt of jokes from the press.
Miguel de la Madrid was the first of a series of economists to rule the country, a Technocracy (bureaucratic) implemented
neoliberalism reforms. After the 1982 default and crisis lenders were unwilling to loan Mexico and this resulted in currency devaluations to finance spending. Inflation hit a record high in 1987 at 159.7%.
Left-wing splits from the PRI
In
1986,
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas (former
Governor of Michoacán formed the
Corriente Democrática (Spanish: "Democratic Current") of the PRI, which criticized the federal government for reducing spending on social programs to increase payments on foreign debt. The members of the Democratic Current were expelled from the party and formed the National Democratic Front (Mexico) (FDN, Spanish: "Frente Democrático Nacional") in 1987. The following year, the FDN elected Cárdenas as presidential candidate for the
Mexican general election, 1988 Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, at Encyclopedia Britannica which was won by
Carlos Salinas de Gortari, obtaining 50.89% of the votes (according to official figures) versus 32% of Cárdenas. The official results were delayed, with the Secretary of the Interior (until then, the organizer of elections) blaming it on a computer system failure. Cárdenas, who claimed to have won and claimed such computer failure was caused by a manipulation of the system to count votes.
Manuel Clouthier also claimed to have won, although not as vocally. Clouthier, Cárdenas and
Rosario Ibarra de Piedra then complained before the building of the
Secretary of the Interior (Mexico) 1988,
La Jornada, July 18, 2006.. Clouthier and his followers then set up other protests, among them one at the Chamber of Deputies, demanding that the electoral packages be opened. In 1989, Clouthier presented an
alternative cabinet (a Great Britain style Shadow Cabinet) with (
Diego Fernández de Cevallos,
Jesús González Schmall,
Fernando Canales Clariond,
Francisco Villarreal Torres, Rogelio Sada Zambrano,
María Elena Álvarez Bernal, Moisés Canales,
Vicente Fox,
Carlos Castillo Peraza and
Luis Felipe Bravo Mena as cabinet members and Clouthier as cabinet coordinator). The purpose of this cabinet was to vigilate the accions of the government. Clouthier died next October in an accident with
Javier Calvo, a federal deputy. The accident was claimed by the PAN as a state assassination since then Biography of Manuel Clouthier, at the Political Studies National Institute.. That same year, the PRI lost its first state government with the election of
Ernesto Ruffo Appel as
governor of Baja California.
Death of Colosio and the loss of majority in Congress
In 1990 Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa called the government under the PRI
la dictadura perfecta ("The perfect dictatorship"). In 1994, for the first time since the revolution a presidential candidate was murdered,
Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta. His campaign director,
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, was subsequently elected in the first presidential election monitored by international observers. The 1994 economic crisis in Mexico caused the PRI to lose its absolute majority in both chambers of the Congress of Mexico for the first time in 1997.
Loss of the presidency of Mexico
Prior to the 2000 general elections, the PRI held its first primaries to elect the party's presidential candidate. The primary candidates, nicknamed "los cuatro fantásticos" (Spanish for
The Fantastic Four), were
Los «cuatro fantásticos» del PRI, listos para las urnas,
El Mundo, November 4, 1999.:
The favorites in the primaries were Labastida and Madrazo, and the latter initiated a campaign against the first, perceived as Zedillo's candidate since many former secretaries of the interior were chosen as candidates by the president. His campaign, produced by prominent publicist Carlos Alazraki, had the motto "Dale un Madrazo al dedazo" or "Give a Madrazo to the
dedazo" with "madrazo" being slang for a "strike" and "dedazo" a slang used to describe the unilaterally choosing of candidates by the president (literally "finger-strike").In the Mexican general election, 2000 of
July 2 2000, its candidate
Francisco Labastida Ochoa was defeated by
Vicente Fox, after getting only 36.1% of the popular vote. It was to be the first Presidential electoral defeat of the PRI. Many considered that this event would mark the party's downfall. In the
Mexican general election, 2000 of the same date, the party won with 38.1%, or 51 out of 128 seats in the
Senate of Mexico.
The PRI as an opposition party
After much restructuring, the party was able to make a recovery, winning the greatest number of seats (5% short of a true majority) in Congress in 2003: at these
2003 Mexican elections, the party won 224 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, remaining as the largest single party in both the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico and
Senate of Mexico. In the Mexican Federal District the PRI obtained only one borough mayorship
(jefe delegacional) out of 16, and no
Plurality voting system members of the city assembly. The PRI recouped some significant losses on the state level (most notably, the
governorship of former PAN stronghold Nuevo León). On
August 6, 2004, in two closely-contested elections in Oaxaca and
Tijuana, PRI candidates Ulises Ruiz Ortiz and Jorge Hank Rhon won the races for the governorship and
presidente municipal respectively. The PAN had held control of the president's office of the municipio (Mexico) of Tijuana for 15 years. Six out of eight gubernatorial elections held during 2005 were won by the PRI: Quintana Roo, Hidalgo (Mexico),
Colima, Estado de México,
Nayarit, and Coahuila. The PRI then controlled the states on the country's northern border with the US except for Baja California.
Later that year Roberto Madrazo Pintado,
president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, left his post to seek a nomination as the party's candidate in the 2000 presidential election. According to the statutes, the presidency of the party would then fall on the head of Elba Esther Gordillo as party secretary. The rivalry between Madrazo and Gordillo caused Mariano Palacios Alcocer instead to become president of the party. After what was perceived an imposition of Madrazo as candidate a group was formed called
Unidad Democrática (Spanish: "Democratic Unity"), although nicknamed
Todos Unidos Contra Madrazo (Spanish: "Everybody United Against Madrazo" or "TUCOM")
Integrantes del Tucom, de políticos pobres a precandidatos que gastan millones,
La Jornada, July 25, 2005. which was formed by governors and former state governors:
- Arturo Montiel (former governor of the State of Mexico)
- Enrique Jackson (federal senator)
- Tomás Yarrington (governor of Tamaulipas)
- Enrique Martínez y Martínez (former governor of Coahuila)
- Manuel Ángel Núñez Soto (governor of Hidalgo)
Montiel won the right to run against Madrazo for the candidacy but withdrew when it was made public that he and his French wife had multi-million properties in Europe
Montiel deja vía libre a Madrazo,
El Universal (Mexico City), October 21, 2005.. Madrazo and
Everardo Moreno contended in the primaries which was won by the first
Confirman el triunfo de Madrazo en Michoacán,
La Jornada, November 14, 2005.. Madrazo then represented the PRI and the
Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM) in the
Alliance for Mexico coalition.During his campaign Madrazo declared that the PRI and PRD were "first cousins", to this
Emilio Chuayffet Chemor responded that if that was the case then
Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO), candidate of the PRD would also be a first cousin and he might win the election
AMLO, "primo hermano": Chuayffet,
La Jornada, March 15, 2006..
AMLO was, by then, the favorite in the polls, with many followers within the PRI. Madrazo, second at the polls, then released TV spots against AMLO with little success, his campaign was managed again by Alazraki. Felipe Calderón ran a more successful campaign and then tied with Madrazo and later surpassed him as the second favorite. Gordillo, also the teacher's union leader, resentful against Madrazo, helped a group of teachers constitute the New Alliance Party (Mexico). Divisions within the party and a successful campaign of the PAN candidate caused Madrazo to fall to third place. The winner, as announced by the
Federal Electoral Institute and valuated by the Mexican Election Tribunal amidst a controversy, was
Felipe Calderón of the ruling
National Action Party (Mexico) Party. On
November 20 of the same year, a group of young PRI politicians launched a movement that is set to reform and revolutionize the party "El Movimiento".
In the
Mexican elections, 2006 the party won 106 out of 500 seats in the
Chamber of Deputies of Mexico and 35 out of 128 Senate of Mexico.
In 2007 the PRI re-gained the governorship of Yucatán and was the party with the most mayorships and state congresspeople in the elections in Yucatán (tying with the PAN in the number of deputies), Chihuahua, Durango, Aguascalientes, Veracruz, Chiapas and Oaxaca. The PRI obtained the most mayorships in Zacatecas and the second most deputies in the congressional elections of Zacatecas and Baja California.
See also
Footnotes
PRI
PRI
Institutional Revolutionary Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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